耶路撒冷擁有近5,000年的悠久歷史，是猶太教、基督教和伊斯蘭教三大亞伯拉罕宗教共同的聖地。
Jerusalem has a history spanning nearly 5,000 years and is a shared holy city for the three great Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
歷史上這座城市經歷了無數次權力更迭，據統計易手超過40次，是世界上衝突與融合最為交織的城市之一。
Historically the city has changed hands countless times — by some counts more than 40 times — making it one of the most conflict-ridden yet culturally fused cities in the world
一、聖殿的歷史脈絡
I. The Historical Arc of the Temples
1. 第一聖殿（所羅門聖殿）
1. The First Temple (Solomon’s Temple)
公元前10世紀左右，以色列聯合王國的大衛王攻佔耶路撒冷並定都於此。
Around the 10th century BCE, King David of the United Kingdom of Israel conquered Jerusalem and made it his capital
其子所羅門王在位期間，於城內摩利亞山上建造了第一聖殿（約公元前957年），將此地確立為猶太人的宗教與政治中心。
His son, King Solomon, built the First Temple on Mount Moriah during his reign (around 957 BCE), establishing the city as the religious and political center of the Jewish people
公元前587／586年，新巴比倫帝國國王尼布甲尼撒二世攻陷耶路撒冷，摧毀了第一聖殿，並將大批猶太人流放至巴比倫，即「巴比倫之囚」。
In 587/586 BCE, King Nebuchadnezzar II of the Neo-Babylonian Empire captured Jerusalem, destroyed the First Temple, and exiled large numbers of Jews to Babylon — the event known as the Babylonian Captivity
2. 第二聖殿
2. The Second Temple
波斯阿契美尼德帝國的居魯士大帝崛起後頒布詔令，允許猶太人返回耶路撒冷，第二聖殿於原址重建，約公元前516年竣工。
After the rise of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, Cyrus the Great issued an edict allowing the Jews to return to Jerusalem, and the Second Temple was rebuilt on the same site, completed around 516 BCE
隨後該地經歷希臘化時期（托勒密與塞琉古王朝統治）、馬加比起義所建立的哈斯蒙尼獨立王國，聖殿曾由希律王大規模擴建。
The city then passed through the Hellenistic period (under the Ptolemaic and Seleucid dynasties) and the independent Hasmonean kingdom established by the Maccabean Revolt; the Temple was later greatly expanded by Herod the Great
公元前1世紀，羅馬共和國正式接管耶路撒冷。公元70年，因猶太戰爭爆發，羅馬軍隊在提圖斯率領下攻陷耶路撒冷並徹底摧毀第二聖殿，僅存部分外牆（即現今的哭牆／西牆）。
In the 1st century BCE, the Roman Republic formally took control of Jerusalem. In 70 CE, following the outbreak of the Jewish–Roman War, Roman forces under Titus captured the city and completely destroyed the Second Temple, leaving only part of its outer retaining wall — today’s Western Wall
這場毀滅導致猶太人長達近兩千年的大流散（Diaspora）。
This destruction led to the nearly two-thousand-year Jewish Diaspora
3. 第三聖殿（宗教預言與現實爭議）
3. The Third Temple (Religious Prophecy and Present-Day Dispute)
在猶太教神學與部分宗教末世論中，未來彌賽亞降臨或條件成熟時將重建「第三聖殿」，但這僅是信仰期盼，歷史上並未建成。
In Jewish theology and certain eschatological traditions, a Third Temple is expected to be rebuilt when the Messiah comes or conditions are fulfilled — but this remains a matter of religious hope, never realized historically.
如今聖殿山原址已由伊斯蘭教的圓頂清真寺（薩赫萊清真寺）與阿克薩清真寺所佔據，「第三聖殿」問題因此成為現代猶太教、伊斯蘭教與地緣政治交織的高度敏感議題。
Today the original Temple Mount site is occupied by Islam’s Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque, making the “Third Temple” question a highly sensitive issue entangled with modern Judaism, Islam, and geopolitics
二、多方文明交替的演變
II. The Succession of Civilizations and Empires
迦南與古埃及時期（約公元前3000年－前12世紀）
Canaanite and Ancient Egyptian Period (c. 3000–1200 BCE)
最早的定居點可追溯至公元前3,000至3,500年左右，公元前2千年左右由迦南人建立城邦，隨後受古埃及新王國統治。
The earliest settlement dates back to around 3000–3500 BCE; by the 2nd millennium BCE, Canaanites had established a city-state here, which later came under the rule of Egypt’s New Kingdom
以色列王國時期（約公元前11世紀－前6世紀）
Kingdom of Israel Period (c. 11th–6th century BCE)
隨著青銅時代晚期崩潰，以色列人在此建立王國並定都耶路撒冷，迎來第一聖殿時期。
Following the Late Bronze Age collapse, the Israelites established a kingdom here with Jerusalem as its capital, ushering in the First Temple period
古代帝國輪替：巴比倫、波斯、希臘、羅馬（約公元前6世紀－公元4世紀）
Succession of Ancient Empires: Babylon, Persia, Greece, Rome (c. 6th century BCE – 4th century CE)
耶路撒冷先後被新巴比倫帝國、波斯阿契美尼德帝國征服，後者允許猶太人回歸並重建第二聖殿。
Jerusalem was successively conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the latter permitting the Jews to return and rebuild the Second Temple
隨後亞歷山大大帝征服此地，其後由托勒密與塞琉古兩大希臘化王朝先後統治。
Alexander the Great then conquered the region, followed by rule under the Hellenistic Ptolemaic and Seleucid dynasties[web:14].
公元前63年，羅馬將領龐培攻佔耶路撒冷，羅馬正式接管統治；公元70年與135年（巴柯巴起義）兩次鎮壓猶太人起義，摧毀聖殿並大量驅逐猶太人，其後羅馬人將此地重建為以異教信仰及早期基督教為中心的城市。
In 63 BCE, the Roman general Pompey captured Jerusalem, formally beginning Roman rule; in 70 CE and again in 135 CE (the Bar Kokhba revolt), Rome crushed Jewish uprisings, destroyed the Temple, and expelled large numbers of Jews, subsequently rebuilding the city as a center of pagan and, later, early Christian worship
拜占庭帝國時期（4世紀－7世紀）
Byzantine Empire Period (4th–7th century)
羅馬帝國分裂後，東羅馬（拜占庭）帝國統治耶路撒冷近300年，大力發展基督教聖地，如修建聖墓教堂。
After the split of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire ruled Jerusalem for nearly 300 years, actively developing Christian holy sites such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
阿拉伯伊斯蘭時期（7世紀－11世紀）
Arab-Islamic Period (7th–11th century)
公元638年，哈里發歐麥爾率領穆斯林軍隊進入耶路撒冷。此後阿拉伯人成為當地主要居民，倭馬亞王朝在聖殿山上興建了圓頂清真寺與阿克薩清真寺，將耶路撒冷確立為繼麥加、麥地那之後伊斯蘭教的第三大聖地。
In 638 CE, Caliph Umar led Muslim forces into Jerusalem. Arabs subsequently became the dominant population, and the Umayyad Dynasty built the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount, establishing Jerusalem as Islam’s third-holiest site after Mecca and Medina.
十字軍與中世紀伊斯蘭王朝（11世紀－16世紀）
The Crusades and Medieval Islamic Dynasties (11th–16th century)
1099年第一次十字軍東征攻陷耶路撒冷並實施屠殺，隨後建立了基督教的「耶路撒冷王國」。
In 1099, the First Crusade captured Jerusalem amid a massacre, and the Christian “Kingdom of Jerusalem” was subsequently established.
1187年，阿尤布王朝的薩拉丁在哈丁戰役擊潰十字軍主力，同年10月耶路撒冷向其投降，結束了法蘭克人近九十年的統治。
In 1187, Saladin of the Ayyubid dynasty crushed the main Crusader force at the Battle of Hattin, and Jerusalem surrendered to him that October, ending nearly ninety years of Frankish rule
此後該地歷經花剌子模短暫入侵與馬穆魯克蘇丹國的長期統治。
The region subsequently experienced a brief Khwarazmian incursion and long-term rule under the Mamluk Sultanate.
奧斯曼帝國與英國統治時期（1516年－1948年）
Ottoman and British Rule (1516–1948)
1516／1517年，奧斯曼帝國蘇萊曼大帝將耶路撒冷納入版圖，重建城牆，迎來一段相對和平的多元宗教共存期。
In 1516/1517, the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent incorporated Jerusalem into its territory, rebuilding the city walls and ushering in a relatively peaceful period of multi-religious coexistence
第一次世界大戰後期，1917年12月英國軍隊在艾倫比將軍率領下佔領耶路撒冷，奧斯曼守軍投降；隨後英國依「貝爾福宣言」及國際聯盟授權建立「英屬巴勒斯坦託管地」（1920/1923年正式生效，1948年結束），為後來的巴以衝突埋下伏筆。
Near the end of World War I, in December 1917, British forces under General Edmund Allenby occupied Jerusalem as Ottoman defenders surrendered. Britain subsequently established the “British Mandate for Palestine” based on the Balfour Declaration and League of Nations authorization (formally effective 1920/1923, ending in 1948), planting the seeds of the later Israeli–Palestinian conflict
近現代時期（1948年至今）
Modern Era (1948–present)
1948年英國託管結束、以色列宣布獨立後爆發第一次中東戰爭，耶路撒冷被東西分治：西耶路撒冷歸以色列，東耶路撒冷（含舊城）由約旦控制並於1950年正式吞併。
After the British Mandate ended in 1948 and Israel declared independence, the First Arab–Israeli War broke out, dividing Jerusalem into east and west: West Jerusalem came under Israeli control, while East Jerusalem (including the Old City) was controlled by Jordan, which formally annexed it in 1950
在約旦統治期間，猶太人被禁止進入其聖地，舊城猶太區遭到破壞，多座猶太會堂被摧毀。
During Jordanian rule, Jews were barred from accessing their holy sites, the Jewish Quarter of the Old City was destroyed, and numerous synagogues were demolished
1967年第三次中東戰爭（六日戰爭）中，以色列佔領並實際控制東耶路撒冷及整座城市，城市重新統一，三大宗教信眾此後得以重新進入各自的聖地；但耶路撒冷的主權地位至今仍是國際社會爭議的焦點，尚未獲得普遍承認的最終解決方案。
During the Third Arab–Israeli War (the Six-Day War) in 1967, Israel occupied and gained effective control of East Jerusalem and the entire city, reunifying it; adherents of all three religions have since been able to access their respective holy sites again. However, the sovereign status of Jerusalem remains a focal point of international dispute to this day, without a universally recognized final resolution
歷史脈絡簡表
Summary Timeline
| 時期 Period | 統治者／事件 Ruler / Event | 對聖殿／聖地的影響 Impact on Temple/Holy Sites |
|---|---|---|
| 約前3000-前12世紀 c. 3000–1200 BCE | 迦南人、古埃及 Canaanites, Ancient Egypt | 早期定居點 Early settlement |
| 前10世紀 10th century BCE | 大衛王、所羅門王 David, Solomon | 建立第一聖殿 First Temple built |
| 前587/586年 587/586 BCE | 新巴比倫尼布甲尼撒二世 Nebuchadnezzar II | 摧毀第一聖殿 First Temple destroyed |
| 前516年 516 BCE | 波斯帝國 Persian Empire | 第二聖殿建成 Second Temple completed |
| 前63年 63 BCE | 羅馬共和國 Roman Republic | 接管耶路撒冷 Rome takes control |
| 公元70年 70 CE | 羅馬帝國提圖斯 Titus / Rome | 摧毀第二聖殿 Second Temple destroyed |
| 4-7世紀 4th–7th century | 拜占庭帝國 Byzantine Empire | 基督教聖地興建 Christian holy sites built |
| 638年 638 CE | 阿拉伯哈里發 Caliph Umar | 圓頂清真寺、阿克薩清真寺興建 Dome of the Rock, Al-Aqsa built |
| 1099年 1099 CE | 第一次十字軍 First Crusade | 建立耶路撒冷王國 Kingdom of Jerusalem established |
| 1187年 1187 CE | 薩拉丁 Saladin | 收復耶路撒冷 Jerusalem reconquered |
| 1517年 1517 CE | 奧斯曼帝國 Ottoman Empire | 多元宗教共存 Multi-religious coexistence |
| 1917年 1917 CE | 英國佔領 British occupation | 英屬巴勒斯坦託管地 British Mandate |
| 1948年 1948 CE | 以色列獨立戰爭 Israeli independence war | 東西分治 City divided east/west |
| 1967年 1967 CE | 六日戰爭 Six-Day War | 以色列統一全城 City reunified under Israel |
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