{"id":241,"date":"2026-08-25T22:05:18","date_gmt":"2026-08-25T14:05:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bible365.club\/?p=241"},"modified":"2026-08-25T22:06:13","modified_gmt":"2026-08-25T14:06:13","slug":"from-reason-to-freedom-will-its-opposites-and-the-biblical-underground-river-of-philosophy%e5%be%9e%e7%90%86%e6%80%a7%e5%88%b0%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%ef%bc%9a%e6%84%8f%e5%bf%97%e3%80%81%e5%85%b6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bible365.club\/?p=241","title":{"rendered":"From Reason to Freedom: Will, Its Opposites, and the Biblical Underground River of Philosophy\u5f9e\u7406\u6027\u5230\u81ea\u7531\uff1a\u610f\u5fd7\u3001\u5176\u5c0d\u7acb\u9762\u8207\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5730\u4e0b\u6697\u6cb3"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u300c\u610f\u5fd7\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\u4e2d\u610f\u601d\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u8a5e\u3002<br>\u201cWill\u201d is not a term with one fixed meaning throughout the history of philosophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u6709\u6642\u6307\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u6307\u751f\u547d\u6df1\u8655\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u8207\u885d\u52d5\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u6307\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u5f8b\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u6307\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u9a45\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u6642\u6307\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5177\u9ad4\u8655\u5883\u4e2d\u627f\u64d4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u3002<br>At times it means the conscious capacity to choose; at others, deep desire and impulse, moral self-legislation, unconscious drive, or the way a person assumes choices within a concrete situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u800c\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u300c\u5c0d\u7acb\u9762\u300d\u4e5f\u4e26\u4e0d\u56fa\u5b9a\u3002<br>The \u201copposite\u201d of will is not fixed either.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u67cf\u62c9\u5716\u8207\u5eb7\u5fb7\u90a3\u88e1\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u662f\u7406\u6027\u3002<br>For Plato and Kant, it primarily stands in relation to reason.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u53d4\u672c\u83ef\u90a3\u88e1\uff0c\u5b83\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u662f\u8868\u8c61\u3002<br>For Schopenhauer, it stands in relation to representation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u5c3c\u91c7\u90a3\u88e1\uff0c\u5b83\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u662f\u865b\u7121\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u6028\u6068\u8207\u5426\u5b9a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7981\u6b32\u7406\u60f3\u3002<br>For Nietzsche, it stands against nihilism, ressentiment, and life-denying ascetic ideals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u90a3\u88e1\uff0c\u5b83\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u662f\u58d3\u6291\u3001\u7981\u4ee4\u8207\u8d85\u6211\u3002<br>For Freud, it stands against repression, prohibition, and the superego.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u85a9\u7279\u90a3\u88e1\uff0c\u5b83\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u6b3a\u8207\u9003\u907f\u81ea\u7531\u3002<br>For Sartre, it stands against bad faith and the evasion of freedom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u800c\u5728\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u53ca\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u6df1\u7684\u5c0d\u7acb\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u610f\u5fd7\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u5426\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u3001\u771f\u7406\u3001\u667a\u6167\u8207\u611b\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<br>In the Bible and Christian thought, the deepest opposition is usually not \u201cwill versus reason,\u201d but whether human will is aligned with God\u2019s will, truth, wisdom, and love.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e00\u3001\u7e3d\u89bd\uff1a\u610f\u5fd7\u7a76\u7adf\u5728\u548c\u8ab0\u5c0d\u7acb\uff1f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">I. Overview: What Is Will Opposed To?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u601d\u60f3\u968e\u6bb5<\/th><th>\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\uff0f\u6587\u672c<\/th><th>\u610f\u5fd7\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc<\/th><th>\u4e3b\u8981\u5c0d\u7acb\u9762<\/th><th>\u6838\u5fc3\u554f\u984c<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u53e4\u5178\u7406\u6027\u8207\u5fb7\u6027<\/td><td>\u67cf\u62c9\u5716\u3001\u4e9e\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7<\/td><td>\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u885d\u52d5\u3001\u9078\u64c7\u80fd\u529b<\/td><td>\u7406\u6027\u8207\u9748\u9b42\u79e9\u5e8f<\/td><td>\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u8b93\u751f\u547d\u904e\u5f97\u597d\uff1f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u8056\u7d93\u8207\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u50b3\u7d71<\/td><td>\u820a\u7d04\u3001\u65b0\u7d04\u3001\u5967\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u3001\u963f\u594e\u90a3<\/td><td>\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u3001\u610f\u5411\u3001\u9806\u670d\u6216\u53cd\u53db<\/td><td>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u65e8\u610f\u3001\u7f6a\u3001\u8089\u9ad4\u79c1\u6b32\u3001\u611a\u6627<\/td><td>\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u66f4\u65b0\u4e26\u6b78\u5411\u5584\uff1f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u5f8b<\/td><td>\u5eb7\u5fb7<\/td><td>\u4f9d\u9053\u5fb7\u5f8b\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u7406\u6027\u610f\u5fd7<\/td><td>\u611f\u6027\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u79c1\u5229\u3001\u4ed6\u5f8b<\/td><td>\u4f55\u8b02\u771f\u6b63\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u52d5\uff1f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u975e\u7406\u6027\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78<\/td><td>\u53d4\u672c\u83ef<\/td><td>\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u9ad4\u7684\u76f2\u76ee\u6b32\u6c42<\/td><td>\u8868\u8c61\u3001\u500b\u9ad4\u5316\u3001\u7406\u6027\u5e7b\u8c61<\/td><td>\u5982\u4f55\u5f9e\u7121\u76e1\u6b32\u671b\u8207\u75db\u82e6\u4e2d\u89e3\u812b\uff1f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u751f\u547d\u80af\u5b9a<\/td><td>\u5c3c\u91c7<\/td><td>\u5f37\u529b\u3001\u5275\u9020\u3001\u8d85\u8d8a\u8207\u50f9\u503c\u751f\u6210<\/td><td>\u865b\u7121\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u6028\u6068\u3001\u7981\u6b32\u4e3b\u7fa9<\/td><td>\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u7d42\u6975\u4fdd\u8b49\u4e0b\u80af\u5b9a\u751f\u547d\uff1f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78<\/td><td>\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7<\/td><td>\u9a45\u529b\u3001\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u672c\u6211\u885d\u52d5<\/td><td>\u8d85\u6211\u3001\u58d3\u6291\u3001\u73fe\u5be6\u9650\u5236<\/td><td>\u70ba\u4f55\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u4e3b\u4eba\uff1f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9<\/td><td>\u85a9\u7279<\/td><td>\u5728\u8655\u5883\u4e2d\u9078\u64c7\u4e26\u5851\u9020\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8a08\u756b<\/td><td>\u81ea\u6b3a\u3001\u89d2\u8272\u5316\u3001\u9003\u907f\u8cac\u4efb<\/td><td>\u6c92\u6709\u65e2\u5b9a\u672c\u8cea\u6642\uff0c\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\uff1f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u793e\u6703\u6279\u5224<\/td><td>\u99ac\u723e\u5eab\u585e\u7b49<\/td><td>\u88ab\u5236\u5ea6\u5851\u9020\u3001\u7d44\u7e54\u6216\u99b4\u5316\u7684\u6b32\u671b<\/td><td>\u865b\u5047\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u6d88\u8cbb\u6a5f\u5236\u3001\u652f\u914d\u79e9\u5e8f<\/td><td>\u6211\u6240\u6b32\u671b\u7684\uff0c\u771f\u7684\u662f\u6211\u7684\u55ce\uff1f<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Intellectual stage<\/th><th>Figures \/ texts<\/th><th>What will means<\/th><th>Main opposite<\/th><th>Central question<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Classical reason and virtue<\/td><td>Plato, Aristotle<\/td><td>Desire, impulse, capacity to choose<\/td><td>Reason and psychic order<\/td><td>How can a person live well?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Biblical and Christian tradition<\/td><td>Old Testament, New Testament, Augustine, Aquinas<\/td><td>The human heart, intention, obedience or rebellion<\/td><td>God\u2019s will, sin, fleshly desire, folly<\/td><td>How can the human will be renewed and directed toward the good?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Moral autonomy<\/td><td>Kant<\/td><td>Rational will acting from moral law<\/td><td>Sensible desire, self-interest, heteronomy<\/td><td>What makes an action morally free?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Irrational metaphysics<\/td><td>Schopenhauer<\/td><td>Blind striving as the essence of the world<\/td><td>Representation, individuation, rational illusion<\/td><td>How can one escape endless desire and suffering?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Life affirmation<\/td><td>Nietzsche<\/td><td>Force, creation, overcoming, value formation<\/td><td>Nihilism, ressentiment, asceticism<\/td><td>How can life be affirmed without ultimate guarantees?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Unconscious psychology<\/td><td>Freud<\/td><td>Drives, desires, impulses of the id<\/td><td>Superego, repression, reality constraints<\/td><td>Why are people not masters of their own desires?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Existentialism<\/td><td>Sartre<\/td><td>A project formed through situated choice<\/td><td>Bad faith, role-playing, evasion of responsibility<\/td><td>How can one become oneself without a fixed essence?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Social critique<\/td><td>Marcuse and others<\/td><td>Desire shaped and organized by institutions<\/td><td>False needs, consumer mechanisms, domination<\/td><td>Is what I desire really mine?<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u689d\u7dda\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff1a\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u554f\u300c\u4eba\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u610f\u5fd7\u300d\u3002<br>The most important conclusion is that philosophy has not simply been asking, \u201cDo human beings have a will?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u5728\u53cd\u8986\u8ffd\u554f\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u610f\u5fd7\u662f\u5426\u7406\u6027\uff1f\u662f\u5426\u81ea\u7531\uff1f\u662f\u5426\u771f\u5c6c\u65bc\u6211\uff1f\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u88ab\u672c\u80fd\u3001\u793e\u6703\u3001\u7f6a\u3001\u6b0a\u529b\u6216\u547d\u904b\u9810\u5148\u5851\u9020\uff1f<br>It repeatedly asks: Is will rational? Is it free? Is it truly mine? Or has it already been shaped by instinct, society, sin, power, or fate?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e8c\u3001\u53e4\u5178\u54f2\u5b78\uff1a\u610f\u5fd7\u61c9\u53d7\u7406\u6027\u5f15\u5c0e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">II. Classical Philosophy: Will Should Be Guided by Reason<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u67cf\u62c9\u5716\u7684\u9748\u9b42\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5167\u90e8\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<br>In Plato\u2019s model of the soul, a human being is not internally unified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9748\u9b42\u5305\u542b\u7406\u6027\u3001\u6fc0\u60c5\u8207\u6b32\u671b\u3002<br>The soul contains reason, spirit, and appetite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u662f\u8a8d\u8b58\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5584\u3002<br>The task of reason is to know the true good.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6fc0\u60c5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u70ba\u7406\u6027\u7684\u76df\u53cb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u52c7\u6c23\u3001\u69ae\u8b7d\u611f\u8207\u5c0d\u6b63\u7fa9\u7684\u5805\u6301\u3002<br>Spirit can become reason\u2019s ally, as in courage, honor, and commitment to justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6b32\u671b\u5247\u8ffd\u6c42\u98df\u7269\u3001\u91d1\u9322\u3001\u611f\u5b98\u5feb\u6a02\u3001\u6027\u611b\u8207\u7269\u8cea\u6eff\u8db3\u3002<br>Appetite seeks food, money, sensual pleasure, sex, and material satisfaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u500b\u516c\u6b63\u800c\u5065\u5168\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u6b32\u671b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8b93\u6bcf\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u5728\u5408\u5b9c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u904b\u4f5c\u3002<br>A just and healthy person is not one without desire, but one in whom each part functions in its proper place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7406\u6027\u61c9\u7576\u6307\u5f15\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u6fc0\u60c5\u61c9\u652f\u6301\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u6b32\u671b\u4e0d\u80fd\u7be1\u596a\u7d71\u6cbb\u6b0a\u3002<br>Reason should direct, spirit should support reason, and appetite must not usurp sovereignty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u5716\u5f0f\u7684\u5c0d\u7acb\u4e0d\u662f\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u300c\u610f\u5fd7\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u300d\u3002<br>Thus, the Platonic opposition is not simply \u201cwill versus reason.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u66f4\u6e96\u78ba\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u672a\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u8207\u885d\u52d5\uff0c\u5c0d\u6297\u8ffd\u6c42\u771f\u7406\u8207\u5584\u7684\u7406\u6027\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<br>More precisely, it is uneducated desire and impulse opposed to a rational order oriented toward truth and the good.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5247\u5c07\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u63a8\u5411\u73fe\u4ee3\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u3002<br>Kant carries this problem into modern moral philosophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u617e\u671b\u3001\u6050\u61fc\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u7fd2\u4fd7\u6216\u5916\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u9a45\u4f7f\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u3002<br>He argues that truly free will is not a will driven by desire, fear, interest, custom, or external command.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u771f\u6b63\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u662f\u80fd\u5920\u4f9d\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u4ee5\u7406\u6027\u6240\u627f\u8a8d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5247\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u3002<br>A truly free will is one capable of acting according to a moral law that it recognizes through reason.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4e0d\u662f\u8b93\u7406\u6027\u58d3\u8feb\u610f\u5fd7\u3002<br>Kant is therefore not making reason oppress will.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u662f\u628a\u300c\u597d\u610f\u5fd7\u300d\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u5be6\u8e10\u7406\u6027\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\uff1a\u610f\u5fd7\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6b63\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u88ab\u6b32\u671b\u727d\u8457\u8d70\u3002<br>He understands the \u201cgood will\u201d as the activity of practical reason itself: the will is morally free precisely because it is not merely dragged along by desire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u539f\u5247\u2014\u2014\u5b9a\u8a00\u4ee4\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u88ab\u4ed6\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u81ea\u5f8b\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5247\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5916\u4f86\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<br>Kant understands his central principle, the categorical imperative, as the moral law of an autonomous will rather than an order imposed by an external authority.[1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e09\u3001\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\uff1a\u610f\u5fd7\u3001\u5fc3\u3001\u667a\u6167\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u65e8\u610f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">III. The Bible: Will, Heart, Wisdom, and God\u2019s Will<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u4ee5\u5f8c\u4f86\u8fd1\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u90a3\u7a2e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u62bd\u8c61\u3001\u6280\u8853\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u5957\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u300c\u610f\u5fd7\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\u3002<br>The Bible does not present a complete \u201ctheory of will\u201d in the highly abstract, technical manner of later modern philosophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u66f4\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u5fc3\u300d\u3001\u300c\u9748\u300d\u3001\u300c\u9053\u8def\u300d\u3001\u300c\u667a\u6167\u300d\u3001\u300c\u8089\u9ad4\u300d\u3001\u300c\u9806\u670d\u300d\u3001\u300c\u6096\u9006\u300d\u3001\u300c\u610f\u5ff5\u300d\u8207\u300c\u65e8\u610f\u300d\u7b49\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002<br>It more often speaks in the language of the heart, spirit, way, wisdom, flesh, obedience, rebellion, thought, and will.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u82e5\u628a\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u610f\u5fd7\u300d\u76f4\u63a5\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u53d4\u672c\u83ef\u3001\u5c3c\u91c7\u6216\u85a9\u7279\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6703\u9020\u6210\u8aa4\u8b80\u3002<br>Therefore, directly equating biblical \u201cwill\u201d with the concepts of will found in Kant, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, or Sartre would be misleading.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f46\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u78ba\u5be6\u6301\u7e8c\u8655\u7406\u4e00\u500b\u8207\u610f\u5fd7\u54f2\u5b78\u9ad8\u5ea6\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u4eba\u7a76\u7adf\u6703\u9806\u5f9e\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<br>Yet the Bible consistently addresses a problem closely related to philosophy of will: What, ultimately, will a human being obey?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u9806\u5f9e\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u9806\u5f9e\u5076\u50cf\u3001\u6050\u61fc\u3001\u6b0a\u529b\u3001\u8ca1\u5bcc\u3001\u8089\u9ad4\u79c1\u6b32\u3001\u7fa4\u9ad4\u58d3\u529b\u6216\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9a55\u50b2\u3002<br>A person may obey God, or may obey idols, fear, power, wealth, fleshly desire, group pressure, or personal pride.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u9019\u500b\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u300c\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4efb\u610f\u9078\u4ec0\u9ebc\u300d\u3002<br>In this sense, biblical freedom is not primarily \u201cI can choose anything I want.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u65bc\uff1a\u6211\u662f\u5426\u5f9e\u5974\u5f79\u6211\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u7f6a\u8207\u5076\u50cf\u4e2d\u88ab\u91cb\u653e\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u80fd\u5920\u611b\u5584\u3001\u884c\u7fa9\u4e26\u56de\u61c9\u771f\u7406\u3002<br>It is closer to this: Am I freed from the false desires, sin, and idols that enslave me, so that I can love the good, do what is right, and respond to truth?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u8207\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">God\u2019s Will and Human Will<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u300a\u4e3b\u79b1\u6587\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u9858\u4f60\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u884c\u5728\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u884c\u5728\u5929\u4e0a\u300d\uff0c\u5c07\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u7f6e\u65bc\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8207\u502b\u7406\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<br>The Lord\u2019s Prayer\u2014\u201cYour will be done, on earth as it is in heaven\u201d\u2014places God\u2019s will at the center of faith and ethics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u4e0d\u55ae\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u4eba\u653e\u68c4\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u3002<br>This is not merely a demand that people abandon autonomy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u901a\u5e38\u8207\u516c\u7fa9\u3001\u6190\u61ab\u3001\u4fe1\u5be6\u3001\u611b\u3001\u6551\u8d16\u548c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5713\u6eff\u76f8\u9023\u3002<br>In the biblical context, God\u2019s will is generally linked with justice, mercy, faithfulness, love, redemption, and the fullness of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u300c\u9075\u884c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u65e8\u610f\u300d\u7406\u60f3\u4e0a\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u88ab\u4efb\u610f\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u88ab\u5e36\u56de\u5176\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5584\u8207\u76ee\u7684\u3002<br>Thus, the ideal of \u201cdoing God\u2019s will\u201d is not arbitrary domination of the person, but the restoration of human life to its true good and purpose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8036\u7a4c\u5728\u5ba2\u897f\u99ac\u5c3c\u5712\u7684\u79b1\u544a\u5c24\u5176\u5448\u73fe\u9019\u500b\u5f35\u529b\uff1a\u300c\u4e0d\u8981\u7167\u6211\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u7167\u4f60\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u300d<br>Jesus\u2019 prayer in Gethsemane especially dramatizes this tension: \u201cNot as I will, but as you will.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u4e0d\u662f\u5426\u8a8d\u4eba\u7684\u6050\u61fc\u3001\u75db\u82e6\u8207\u81ea\u7136\u6c42\u751f\u50be\u5411\u3002<br>This does not deny human fear, pain, or the natural inclination to survive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u627f\u8a8d\u4eba\u6027\u610f\u5fd7\u5728\u75db\u82e6\u524d\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u6297\u62d2\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u628a\u9019\u7a2e\u610f\u5fd7\u4ea4\u8a17\u4e26\u6821\u6b63\u65bc\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\u8207\u611b\u3002<br>On the contrary, it acknowledges the genuine resistance of the human will before suffering while entrusting and aligning it with a higher mission and love.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f8c\u4f86\u95dc\u65bc\u57fa\u7763\u300c\u5169\u500b\u610f\u5fd7\u300d\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u540c\u6642\u7dad\u8b77\u8036\u7a4c\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u8207\u5176\u8207\u7236\u7684\u5408\u4e00\u3002<br>Later Christian theological debates about Christ\u2019s \u201ctwo wills\u201d likewise aim to preserve both Jesus\u2019 full humanity and his unity with the Father.[2]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u3001\u7406\u6027\u8207\u667a\u6167<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Human Heart, Reason, and Wisdom<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u5fc3\u300d\u4e0d\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u8a9e\u5883\u88e1\u53ea\u6307\u60c5\u7dd2\u7684\u90e8\u4f4d\u3002<br>In the Bible, the \u201cheart\u201d is not merely the seat of emotion in the modern sense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u542b\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5411\u3001\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u601d\u8003\u3001\u5224\u65b7\u3001\u5fe0\u8aa0\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u53d6\u5411\u3002<br>It commonly includes intention, desire, thought, judgment, loyalty, and moral orientation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u300c\u7406\u6027\u4e0d\u5920\u5f37\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5fc3\u53ef\u80fd\u504f\u96e2\u3001\u525b\u786c\u3001\u5206\u88c2\u6216\u88ab\u932f\u8aa4\u5c0d\u8c61\u5438\u5f15\u3002<br>Therefore, the human problem is not merely that reason is insufficiently strong, but that the heart may become distorted, hardened, divided, or attracted to the wrong objects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u300a\u7bb4\u8a00\u300b\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u9ad8\u5ea6\u91cd\u8996\u667a\u6167\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u5206\u8fa8\u529b\u3002<br>Proverbs strongly values wisdom, knowledge, and discernment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u300c\u656c\u754f\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u662f\u667a\u6167\u7684\u958b\u7aef\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u53cd\u667a\u53e3\u865f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8aaa\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u5224\u65b7\u82e5\u812b\u96e2\u771f\u7406\u3001\u8b19\u5351\u8207\u5c0d\u5584\u7684\u656c\u91cd\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6dea\u70ba\u81ea\u6211\u81a8\u8139\u7684\u6280\u5de7\u3002<br>\u201cThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom\u201d is not an anti-intellectual slogan; it means that knowledge and judgment, if detached from truth, humility, and reverence for the good, may become techniques of self-inflation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u300a\u7bb4\u8a00\u300b\u4e5f\u8aaa\u300c\u4f60\u8981\u5c08\u5fc3\u4ef0\u8cf4\u8036\u548c\u83ef\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u501a\u9760\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8070\u660e\u300d\u3002<br>At the same time, Proverbs says, \u201cTrust in the Lord with all your heart, and do not lean on your own understanding.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u53eb\u4eba\u505c\u6b62\u601d\u8003\u3002<br>This is not a command to stop thinking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u6279\u5224\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c01\u9589\u3001\u81ea\u8ca0\u3001\u628a\u6709\u9650\u4eba\u985e\u7406\u89e3\u529b\u7576\u6210\u6700\u5f8c\u88c1\u5224\u7684\u7406\u6027\u3002<br>It criticizes a closed and self-confident form of reason that treats limited human understanding as the final judge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4fdd\u7f85\u5728\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0\u4e8c\u7bc0\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u300c\u4e0d\u8981\u6548\u6cd5\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5fc3\u610f\u66f4\u65b0\u800c\u8b8a\u5316\u300d\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u300c\u5fc3\u610f\u66f4\u65b0\u300d\u548c\u8fa8\u660e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u826f\u5584\u3001\u53ef\u559c\u6085\u3001\u7d14\u5168\u65e8\u610f\u9023\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<br>In Romans 12:2, Paul urges believers not to conform to this world but to be transformed by the renewal of the mind, linking renewed thinking to discerning God\u2019s good, pleasing, and perfect will.[3]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u610f\u5fd7\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u300d\u3002<br>Thus, the biblical relation is not \u201cwill versus reason.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u65bc\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u3001\u610f\u5fd7\u8207\u601d\u60f3\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u771f\u7406\u3001\u667a\u6167\u3001\u611b\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u5171\u540c\u66f4\u65b0\u3002<br>It is closer to this: the human heart, will, and mind all need to be renewed together by truth, wisdom, love, and God\u2019s will.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u8089\u9ad4\u3001\u7f6a\u8207\u88ab\u5974\u5f79\u7684\u610f\u5fd7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Flesh, Sin, and an Enslaved Will<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1\u4e2d\uff0c\u300c\u8089\u9ad4\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u61c9\u88ab\u7c21\u5316\u70ba\u8eab\u9ad4\u672c\u8eab\u6216\u6027\u6b32\u672c\u8eab\u3002<br>In Paul\u2019s letters, \u201cflesh\u201d should not be reduced to the physical body itself or to sexuality alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u66f4\u5e38\u6307\u4e00\u7a2e\u80cc\u96e2\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u4ee5\u81ea\u6211\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u53d7\u7f6a\u8207\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6b0a\u52e2\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<br>It more often refers to a mode of human existence alienated from God, centered on the self, and affected by the powers of sin and death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u8207\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u7684\u672c\u6211\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002<br>This is not the same as Freud\u2019s id.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u7684\u9a45\u529b\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u7d50\u69cb\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u52d5\u529b\uff1b\u4fdd\u7f85\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u7f6a\u8207\u8089\u9ad4\u5247\u662f\u795e\u5b78\u548c\u502b\u7406\u6027\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u72c0\u614b\u3002<br>Freud\u2019s drives are natural forces within psychic structure; Paul\u2019s sin and flesh are theological and ethical conditions of relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f46\u5169\u8005\u6709\u4e00\u9ede\u53ef\u4f5c\u6709\u9650\u6bd4\u8f03\uff1a\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u9760\u300c\u77e5\u9053\u5c0d\u932f\u300d\u5c31\u80fd\u81ea\u7531\u884c\u5584\u3002<br>But one limited comparison is possible: people often cannot freely do good simply by knowing right from wrong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4fdd\u7f85\u5728\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u6399\u624e\u2014\u2014\u300c\u6211\u6240\u9858\u610f\u7684\u5584\uff0c\u6211\u53cd\u4e0d\u505a\u300d\u2014\u2014\u6df1\u523b\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u610f\u5411\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u6b32\u671b\u8207\u884c\u52d5\u5f7c\u6b64\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u3002<br>Paul\u2019s struggle in Romans 7\u2014\u201cFor I do not do the good I want\u201d\u2014powerfully expresses the conflict among intention, knowledge, desire, and action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u6703\u8b93\u4eba\u806f\u60f3\u5230\u5967\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\uff0c\u4e5f\u6703\u8b93\u4eba\u806f\u60f3\u5230\u5f8c\u4f86\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u6240\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5206\u88c2\u3002<br>This point recalls Augustine and also anticipates, in a different register, the divided self revealed by psychoanalysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f46\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u89e3\u7b54\u4e0d\u662f\u55ae\u9760\u6280\u5de7\u6027\u81ea\u6211\u63a7\u5236\u3002<br>The biblical answer is not merely technical self-control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u6307\u5411\u6069\u5178\u3001\u6094\u6539\u3001\u8056\u9748\u3001\u7fa4\u9ad4\u3001\u611b\u8207\u751f\u547d\u66f4\u65b0\u3002<br>It typically points toward grace, repentance, the Holy Spirit, community, love, and renewal of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u56db\u3001\u53d4\u672c\u83ef\uff1a\u610f\u5fd7\u5c0d\u8868\u8c61<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">IV. Schopenhauer: Will versus Representation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53d4\u672c\u83ef\u5c07\u610f\u5fd7\u63a8\u5230\u6700\u6fc0\u9032\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<br>Schopenhauer places will in its most radical position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u9805\u5fc3\u7406\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6574\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5167\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u3002<br>For him, will is not one human psychological faculty, but the inner essence of the entire world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u5c07\u4e16\u754c\u5206\u70ba\u300c\u4f5c\u70ba\u8868\u8c61\u300d\u8207\u300c\u4f5c\u70ba\u610f\u5fd7\u300d\u5169\u500b\u9762\u5411\u3002<br>He divides the world into two aspects: the world \u201cas representation\u201d and the world \u201cas will.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8868\u8c61\u662f\u6211\u5011\u900f\u904e\u611f\u5b98\u3001\u77e5\u89ba\u3001\u6642\u9593\u3001\u7a7a\u9593\u8207\u56e0\u679c\u5f8b\u6240\u7d93\u9a57\u5230\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u3002<br>Representation is the phenomenal world we experience through sensation, perception, time, space, and causality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u610f\u5fd7\u5247\u662f\u8868\u8c61\u80cc\u5f8c\u76f2\u76ee\u3001\u975e\u7406\u6027\u3001\u7121\u76e1\u5730\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u5ef6\u7e8c\u7684\u885d\u52d5\u3002<br>Will is the blind, non-rational, endless striving for self-continuation behind representation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u53d4\u672c\u83ef\u5f0f\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u5c0d\u7acb\u9762\u4e0d\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u300c\u60e1\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u7406\u6027\u3002<br>Thus, the opposite of Schopenhauerian will is neither moral \u201cevil\u201d nor merely reason.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u9996\u5148\u662f\u8868\u8c61\uff1a\u88ab\u4e3b\u9ad4\u8a8d\u8b58\u3001\u88ab\u5f62\u5f0f\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u50cf\u662f\u7a69\u5b9a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u5c64\u9762\u3002<br>It is first of all representation: the phenomenal level known by the subject, organized by forms, and appearing as a stable world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7406\u6027\u5728\u53d4\u672c\u83ef\u90a3\u88e1\u5730\u4f4d\u5f88\u4f4e\u3002<br>Reason has a low status in Schopenhauer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u4e3b\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u901a\u5e38\u53ea\u662f\u610f\u5fd7\u70ba\u4e86\u6c42\u751f\u3001\u7af6\u722d\u3001\u8ffd\u6c42\u8207\u81ea\u6211\u5ef6\u7e8c\u800c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002<br>It is not the master of will, but usually a tool used by will for survival, competition, pursuit, and self-continuation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53d4\u672c\u83ef\u7684\u60b2\u89c0\u4e3b\u7fa9\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u662f\u5076\u7136\u60c5\u7dd2\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5176\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002<br>Schopenhauer\u2019s pessimism is therefore not an incidental mood, but the result of his ontology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u610f\u5fd7\u6c38\u9060\u5728\u6b32\u6c42\uff0c\u6b32\u6c42\u610f\u5473\u8457\u7f3a\u4e4f\u3002<br>Will is always striving, and striving means lack.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672a\u5f97\u6240\u6b32\u5373\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u5f97\u511f\u6240\u9858\u53c8\u5bb9\u6613\u58ae\u5165\u7121\u804a\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u65b0\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u518d\u5ea6\u7522\u751f\u3002<br>Not obtaining what one wants produces suffering; obtaining it easily leads to boredom, and then new desire arises again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u7684\u51fa\u8def\u662f\u900f\u904e\u85dd\u8853\u3001\u540c\u60c5\u548c\u7981\u6b32\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u77ed\u66ab\u6216\u5fb9\u5e95\u5730\u5426\u5b9a\u610f\u5fd7\u3002<br>His way out is through art, compassion, and asceticism, allowing a person temporarily or radically to negate will.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53d4\u672c\u83ef\u662f\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u6700\u65e9\u660e\u78ba\u4e3b\u5f35\u5b87\u5b99\u6838\u5fc3\u4e26\u975e\u7406\u6027\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<br>Schopenhauer was among the earliest nineteenth-century philosophers to argue explicitly that the universe is not rational at its core.[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e94\u3001\u5c3c\u91c7\uff1a\u610f\u5fd7\u5c0d\u865b\u7121\u8207\u5426\u5b9a\u751f\u547d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V. Nietzsche: Will versus Nihilism and Life-Denial<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c3c\u91c7\u7e7c\u627f\u53d4\u672c\u83ef\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u61f7\u7591\uff0c\u4f46\u62d2\u7d55\u53d4\u672c\u83ef\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002<br>Nietzsche inherits Schopenhauer\u2019s suspicion of rational centralism but rejects Schopenhauer\u2019s conclusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53d4\u672c\u83ef\u8aaa\uff1a\u65e2\u7136\u6b32\u671b\u5e36\u4f86\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u5c31\u61c9\u62d2\u7d55\u610f\u5fd7\u3002<br>Schopenhauer says: Since desire brings suffering, will should be rejected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c3c\u91c7\u8aaa\uff1a\u75db\u82e6\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u8b49\u660e\u751f\u547d\u61c9\u88ab\u62d2\u7d55\u3002<br>Nietzsche says: Suffering itself does not prove that life should be rejected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c3c\u91c7\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u8a5e\u662f\u300c\u6b0a\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5f37\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\u300d\u3002<br>Nietzsche\u2019s key term is the \u201cwill to power.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u4e0d\u61c9\u88ab\u7c21\u5316\u70ba\u5f81\u670d\u5225\u4eba\u3001\u5d07\u62dc\u5f37\u8005\u6216\u8ffd\u9010\u653f\u6cbb\u652f\u914d\u3002<br>It should not be reduced to conquering others, worshipping the strong, or seeking political domination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u751f\u547d\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0d\u65b7\u589e\u5f37\u3001\u8868\u73fe\u3001\u89e3\u91cb\u3001\u5275\u9020\u5f62\u5f0f\u8207\u514b\u670d\u963b\u529b\u7684\u50be\u5411\u3002<br>It is closer to life\u2019s tendency to intensify, express itself, interpret, create forms, and overcome resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c3c\u91c7\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u4e0d\u53ea\u8ffd\u6c42\u4fdd\u5b58\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<br>Nietzsche believes life does not merely seek to preserve itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u751f\u547d\u4e5f\u8ffd\u6c42\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u5ea6\u3001\u66f4\u5f37\u7684\u5275\u9020\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c07\u6df7\u4e82\u8f49\u5316\u70ba\u98a8\u683c\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002<br>Life also seeks greater capacity, higher organization, stronger creativity, and the power to transform chaos into style.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5c3c\u91c7\u5f0f\u610f\u5fd7\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5c0d\u7acb\u9762\uff0c\u662f\u865b\u7121\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002<br>Thus, the true opposite of Nietzschean will is nihilism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u865b\u7121\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u5728\u820a\u6709\u6700\u9ad8\u50f9\u503c\u5d29\u6f70\u5f8c\uff0c\u89ba\u5f97\u751f\u547d\u6c92\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u3001\u6c92\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u6c92\u6709\u503c\u5f97\u80af\u5b9a\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u3002<br>Nihilism is the condition in which, after the collapse of old highest values, life appears valueless, purposeless, and devoid of anything worth affirming.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u4e5f\u8868\u73fe\u5728\u6028\u6068\u3001\u5831\u5fa9\u6027\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u9003\u907f\u5275\u9020\u8207\u5c0d\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<br>It also appears in ressentiment, retaliatory morality, avoidance of creation, and the denial of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c3c\u91c7\u7684\u300c\u8d85\u4eba\u300d\u4e0d\u61c9\u7406\u89e3\u6210\u67d0\u7a2e\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u512a\u7b49\u4eba\u985e\u3002<br>Nietzsche\u2019s \u201coverman\u201d should not be understood as a biologically superior type of human.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7406\u60f3\u5f62\u8c61\uff1a\u4eba\u80fd\u5920\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8cf4\u5916\u5728\u4fdd\u8b49\uff0c\u4ecd\u9858\u610f\u627f\u64d4\u751f\u547d\u3001\u5275\u9020\u50f9\u503c\u3001\u8d85\u8d8a\u65e2\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<br>It is an ideal image: a person who can affirm life, create values, and overcome the existing self without relying on external guarantees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c3c\u91c7\u5c0d\u50b3\u7d71\u9053\u5fb7\u8207\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u6279\u5224\u5f88\u5c16\u92b3\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u5b83\u7c21\u5316\u70ba\u300c\u5c3c\u91c7\u53cd\u5c0d\u6240\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5c3c\u91c7\u53ea\u5d07\u5c1a\u6b98\u9177\u300d\u3002<br>Nietzsche\u2019s critique of traditional morality and Christianity is sharp, but it should not be simplified as \u201cNietzsche opposes all morality\u201d or \u201cNietzsche merely glorifies cruelty.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff1a\u67d0\u7a2e\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u80cc\u5f8c\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u6050\u61fc\u3001\u6028\u6068\u3001\u7121\u529b\u8207\u5c0d\u751f\u547d\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\uff1f<br>His question is: Behind a particular moral value, are there fear, resentment, powerlessness, and a denial of life\u2019s force?[5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u516d\u3001\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\uff1a\u6b32\u671b\u5c0d\u7981\u4ee4\uff0c\u9a45\u529b\u5c0d\u58d3\u6291<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">VI. Freud: Desire versus Prohibition, Drive versus Repression<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u4f7f\u300c\u610f\u5fd7\u300d\u5f9e\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u964d\u843d\u70ba\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u8207\u81e8\u5e8a\u554f\u984c\u3002<br>Freud brings \u201cwill\u201d down from a metaphysical question into psychology and clinical inquiry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56b4\u683c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ee5\u53d4\u672c\u83ef\u5f0f\u7684\u300c\u610f\u5fd7\u300d\u4f5c\u70ba\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<br>Strictly speaking, he does not use Schopenhauerian \u201cwill\u201d as his central concept.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u9a45\u529b\u3001\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u3001\u58d3\u6291\u3001\u75c7\u72c0\u8207\u5fc3\u7406\u885d\u7a81\u3002<br>His key concepts are drive, desire, the unconscious, repression, symptoms, and psychic conflict.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u9769\u547d\u662f\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8b58\u4e26\u4e0d\u900f\u660e\u3002<br>Freud\u2019s important revolution is that self-consciousness is not transparent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f60\u4ee5\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u57fa\u65bc\u7406\u6027\u800c\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u6642\u53d7\u5230\u6050\u61fc\u3001\u7ae5\u5e74\u7d93\u9a57\u3001\u672a\u88ab\u627f\u8a8d\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u9632\u885b\u6a5f\u5236\u8207\u88ab\u58d3\u6291\u885d\u52d5\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<br>A choice you believe to be rational may also be shaped by fear, childhood experiences, unacknowledged desire, defense mechanisms, and repressed impulses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u672c\u6211\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u8207\u8d85\u6211\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u4e2d\uff0c\u672c\u6211\u8981\u6c42\u5373\u6642\u6eff\u8db3\u3002<br>In the structure of id, ego, and superego, the id demands immediate gratification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8d85\u6211\u4ee3\u8868\u5167\u5316\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u8981\u6c42\u3001\u793e\u6703\u898f\u7bc4\u3001\u7981\u4ee4\u3001\u7f6a\u60e1\u611f\u8207\u7406\u60f3\u5f62\u8c61\u3002<br>The superego represents internalized parental demands, social norms, prohibitions, guilt, and ideals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u6211\u5247\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u672c\u6211\u3001\u8d85\u6211\u8207\u5916\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e4b\u9593\u4e0d\u65b7\u5354\u5546\u3002<br>The ego must continually negotiate among id, superego, and external reality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u6700\u9069\u5408\u7684\u5c0d\u7acb\u7d44\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u610f\u5fd7\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u300d\u3002<br>Thus, the most fitting opposition in Freud is not \u201cwill versus reason.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u662f\u9a45\u529b\u8207\u7981\u4ee4\u3001\u6b32\u671b\u8207\u58d3\u6291\u3001\u672c\u6211\u8207\u8d85\u6211\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u3002<br>It is the conflict between drive and prohibition, desire and repression, id and superego.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7406\u6027\u5316\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u80fd\u88c1\u5224\uff0c\u800c\u5e38\u662f\u58d3\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u5354\u5546\u8005\u3002<br>The rationalizing ego is not an all-powerful judge, but often a negotiator under pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u8207\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u4e2d\u300c\u6211\u6240\u9858\u610f\u7684\u5584\uff0c\u6211\u53cd\u4e0d\u505a\u300d\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u3002<br>This bears a surface resemblance to the experience described in Romans 7: \u201cFor I do not do the good I want.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f46\u5169\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u6df7\u70ba\u4e00\u8ac7\u3002<br>But the two should not be conflated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4fdd\u7f85\u8655\u7406\u7684\u662f\u7f6a\u3001\u5f8b\u6cd5\u3001\u6069\u5178\u8207\u6551\u8d16\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u3002<br>Paul addresses the theological problem of sin, law, grace, and salvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u8655\u7406\u7684\u662f\u9a45\u529b\u3001\u58d3\u6291\u3001\u75c7\u72c0\u8207\u5fc3\u7406\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u81e8\u5e8a\u554f\u984c\u3002<br>Freud addresses the clinical problem of drives, repression, symptoms, and psychoanalytic treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e03\u3001\u85a9\u7279\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u5c0d\u81ea\u6b3a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">VII. Sartre: Freedom versus Bad Faith<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u85a9\u7279\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u53d4\u672c\u83ef\u5f0f\u7684\u547d\u5b9a\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u5f0f\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u66ff\u4eba\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5176\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<br>Sartre rejects both Schopenhauerian fated will and the idea that a Freudian unconscious can fully determine one\u2019s actions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u8457\u540d\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u5b58\u5728\u5148\u65bc\u672c\u8cea\u3002\u300d<br>He famously proposes: \u201cExistence precedes essence.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u5148\u5929\u5e36\u8457\u4e00\u4efd\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u6027\u7a0b\u5f0f\u300d\u51fa\u751f\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u7167\u8457\u65e2\u5b9a\u5287\u672c\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<br>Human beings are not born carrying a fixed \u201chuman-nature program\u201d and then living according to a predetermined script.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4eba\u5148\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u5728\u9078\u64c7\u3001\u884c\u52d5\u3001\u627f\u8afe\u3001\u5931\u6557\u8207\u6539\u8b8a\u4e2d\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u6210\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<br>A person first exists and then gradually becomes oneself through choices, actions, commitments, failures, and changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u85a9\u7279\u4e26\u4e0d\u628a\u610f\u5fd7\u8996\u70ba\u67d0\u500b\u96b1\u85cf\u65bc\u4eba\u5167\u90e8\u3001\u50cf\u672c\u80fd\u6216\u5b87\u5b99\u529b\u91cf\u822c\u9810\u5148\u904b\u4f5c\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\u3002<br>Thus, Sartre does not regard will as an entity hidden inside the person and operating in advance like instinct or cosmic force.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u610f\u5fd7\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u4eba\u900f\u904e\u884c\u52d5\u800c\u5c55\u958b\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u6211\u8a08\u756b\u300d\u3002<br>Will is closer to a \u201cself-project\u201d unfolded through action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f46\u9019\u7a2e\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u662f\u7121\u9650\u5236\u7684\u3002<br>But this freedom is not unlimited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4eba\u7e3d\u662f\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u3001\u6642\u4ee3\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u80cc\u666f\u3001\u793e\u6703\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u58d3\u529b\u8207\u4ed6\u4eba\u76ee\u5149\u4e2d\u884c\u52d5\u3002<br>People always act within particular bodies, eras, economic positions, family backgrounds, social institutions, political pressures, and the gaze of others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u85a9\u7279\u7a31\u9019\u4e9b\u7121\u6cd5\u4efb\u610f\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u70ba\u300c\u4e8b\u5be6\u6027\u300d\u3002<br>Sartre calls these conditions, which one cannot arbitrarily choose, \u201cfacticity.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u7531\u5247\u662f\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u9762\u5c0d\u3001\u8a6e\u91cb\u8207\u56de\u61c9\u9019\u4e9b\u689d\u4ef6\u3002<br>Freedom is how one confronts, interprets, and responds to these conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u85a9\u7279\u5f0f\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u5c0d\u7acb\u9762\u662f\u300c\u81ea\u6b3a\u300d\u3002<br>Thus, the opposite of Sartrean will is \u201cbad faith.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u6b3a\u4e0d\u662f\u666e\u901a\u8aaa\u8b0a\u3002<br>Bad faith is not ordinary lying.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u662f\u4eba\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u4ecd\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u9078\u64c7\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u537b\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u5b8c\u5168\u8aaa\u6210\u88ab\u89d2\u8272\u3001\u6027\u683c\u3001\u793e\u6703\u671f\u5f85\u6216\u547d\u904b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u7269\u4ef6\u3002<br>It is when a person, while knowing that some space for choice remains, nevertheless describes oneself wholly as an object determined by role, character, social expectation, or fate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u300c\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4e00\u9846\u87ba\u7d72\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u7121\u9808\u70ba\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u8ca0\u8cac\u300d\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u6b3a\u3002<br>For example, \u201cI am only a cog in the company, so I bear no responsibility for anything\u201d is a form of bad faith.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f46\u300c\u6211\u53ea\u8981\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u7d50\u69cb\u6027\u9650\u5236\u90fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u300d\u540c\u6a23\u4e0d\u662f\u85a9\u7279\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002<br>But \u201cIf I work hard enough, no structural constraints exist\u201d is equally not Sartrean freedom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u85a9\u7279\u771f\u6b63\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u662f\u8655\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8207\u7121\u6cd5\u63a8\u5378\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u3002<br>What Sartre truly emphasizes is situated freedom and inescapable responsibility.[6][7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u516b\u3001\u5f9e\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u5230\u85a9\u7279\uff1a\u540c\u4e00\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7b54\u6848<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">VIII. From the Bible to Sartre: One Problem, Different Answers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u3001\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u53d4\u672c\u83ef\u3001\u5c3c\u91c7\u3001\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u8207\u85a9\u7279\u90fd\u95dc\u5fc3\u4eba\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e0d\u80fd\u55ae\u7d14\u505a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e3b\u4eba\u3002<br>The Bible, Kant, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Freud, and Sartre all ask why people cannot simply be masters of themselves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u7d66\u51fa\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<br>But the answers they give are fundamentally different.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u50b3\u7d71\uff0f\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6<\/th><th>\u4eba\u70ba\u4f55\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\uff1f<\/th><th>\u51fa\u8def\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b<\/td><td>\u4eba\u5fc3\u504f\u96e2\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u53d7\u7f6a\u3001\u5076\u50cf\u3001\u6050\u61fc\u8207\u79c1\u6b32\u6346\u7d81<\/td><td>\u6069\u5178\u3001\u6094\u6539\u3001\u4fe1\u9760\u3001\u5fc3\u610f\u66f4\u65b0\u3001\u611b\u8207\u9806\u670d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u65e8\u610f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u67cf\u62c9\u5716<\/td><td>\u6b32\u671b\u8207\u6fc0\u60c5\u5931\u5e8f\uff0c\u7be1\u596a\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e<\/td><td>\u9748\u9b42\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u54f2\u5b78\u3001\u7bc0\u5236\u8207\u6b63\u7fa9\u79e9\u5e8f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u5eb7\u5fb7<\/td><td>\u4eba\u53d7\u79c1\u5229\u3001\u611f\u6027\u885d\u52d5\u8207\u5916\u5728\u6b0a\u5a01\u652f\u914d<\/td><td>\u4f9d\u7406\u6027\u6240\u627f\u8a8d\u7684\u666e\u904d\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5247\u81ea\u5f8b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u53d4\u672c\u83ef<\/td><td>\u4eba\u662f\u7121\u76e1\u76f2\u76ee\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u8868\u73fe<\/td><td>\u5be9\u7f8e\u3001\u540c\u60c5\u3001\u7981\u6b32\u8207\u5426\u5b9a\u610f\u5fd7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u5c3c\u91c7<\/td><td>\u4eba\u9677\u65bc\u6028\u6068\u3001\u865b\u7121\u8207\u5426\u5b9a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u50f9\u503c<\/td><td>\u81ea\u6211\u8d85\u8d8a\u3001\u5275\u9020\u50f9\u503c\u8207\u80af\u5b9a\u751f\u547d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7<\/td><td>\u4eba\u88ab\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u9a45\u529b\u3001\u58d3\u6291\u8207\u5167\u5728\u885d\u7a81\u727d\u5f15<\/td><td>\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u75c7\u72c0\u3001\u64f4\u5927\u81ea\u6211\u89ba\u5bdf<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u85a9\u7279<\/td><td>\u4eba\u9003\u907f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8207\u8cac\u4efb<\/td><td>\u771f\u8aa0\u627f\u64d4\u8655\u5883\u3001\u9078\u64c7\u8207\u884c\u52d5\u5f8c\u679c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u99ac\u723e\u5eab\u585e<\/td><td>\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u88ab\u6d88\u8cbb\u793e\u6703\u8207\u5236\u5ea6\u5851\u9020<\/td><td>\u6279\u5224\u610f\u8b58\u3001\u89e3\u653e\u6027\u6587\u5316\u8207\u6539\u9020\u793e\u6703\u95dc\u4fc2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Tradition \/ philosopher<\/th><th>Why are people unfree?<\/th><th>What is the way forward?<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>The Bible<\/td><td>The heart departs from truth and is enslaved by sin, idols, fear, and disordered desire<\/td><td>Grace, repentance, trust, renewal of mind, love, and alignment with God\u2019s will<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Plato<\/td><td>Desire and spirit are disordered and usurp reason<\/td><td>Education of the soul, philosophy, temperance, and just order<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kant<\/td><td>People are governed by self-interest, sensible impulse, and external authority<\/td><td>Autonomy through universal moral law recognized by reason<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Schopenhauer<\/td><td>People are expressions of endless blind will<\/td><td>Aesthetic contemplation, compassion, asceticism, and negation of will<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nietzsche<\/td><td>People are trapped in ressentiment, nihilism, and life-denying values<\/td><td>Self-overcoming, value creation, and life affirmation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Freud<\/td><td>People are driven by unconscious impulses, repression, and inner conflict<\/td><td>Psychoanalysis, understanding symptoms, expanding self-awareness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sartre<\/td><td>People evade their freedom and responsibility<\/td><td>Authentically assuming one\u2019s situation, choices, and consequences<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Marcuse<\/td><td>People\u2019s needs are formed by consumer society and institutions<\/td><td>Critical consciousness, liberating culture, and transformed social relations<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e5d\u3001\u6700\u7d42\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0d\u662f\u55ae\u4e00\u529b\u91cf<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">IX. Final Conclusion: Will Is Not a Single Force<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u7d66\u9019\u689d\u601d\u60f3\u7dda\u4e00\u500b\u6700\u6fc3\u7e2e\u7684\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff1a<br>If this intellectual line must be summarized in one compressed statement, it can be put this way:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u9010\u6b65\u767c\u73fe\uff1a\u6211\u4ee5\u70ba\u662f\u300c\u6211\u5728\u9078\u64c7\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u88ab\u7406\u6027\u3001\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u75db\u82e6\u3001\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u3001\u7f6a\u3001\u793e\u6703\u3001\u50f9\u503c\u8207\u8655\u5883\u5171\u540c\u5851\u9020\u3002<br>The history of will is humanity\u2019s gradual discovery that what I take to be \u201cmy choosing\u201d may already be shaped by reason, desire, suffering, the unconscious, sin, society, values, and situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53e4\u5178\u54f2\u5b78\u76f8\u4fe1\u7406\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u610f\u5fd7\u5efa\u7acb\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<br>Classical philosophy believes reason can establish order for will.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u76f8\u4fe1\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u3001\u610f\u5fd7\u8207\u7406\u6027\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u771f\u7406\u8207\u6069\u5178\u4e2d\u88ab\u66f4\u65b0\u3002<br>The Bible holds that heart, will, and reason all need renewal through God\u2019s truth and grace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5eb7\u5fb7\u76f8\u4fe1\u771f\u6b63\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u7406\u6027\u81ea\u5f8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6b32\u671b\u4efb\u6027\u3002<br>Kant holds that true freedom is rational autonomy, not the arbitrariness of desire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53d4\u672c\u83ef\u76f8\u4fe1\u610f\u5fd7\u662f\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u89e3\u812b\u5fc5\u9808\u6d89\u53ca\u5426\u5b9a\u610f\u5fd7\u3002<br>Schopenhauer holds that will is the source of suffering and that liberation must involve its negation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c3c\u91c7\u76f8\u4fe1\u751f\u547d\u4e0d\u8a72\u9003\u96e2\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u800c\u8981\u628a\u5b83\u63d0\u5347\u70ba\u5275\u9020\u8207\u81ea\u6211\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002<br>Nietzsche holds that life should not flee will, but elevate it into creation and self-overcoming.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e3b\u5bb0\u6b32\u671b\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u59cb\u7d42\u5728\u5167\u90e8\u904b\u4f5c\u3002<br>Freud holds that the ego cannot fully govern desire, because the unconscious always operates within it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u85a9\u7279\u5247\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6c92\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u5373\u4f7f\u4eba\u88ab\u8655\u5883\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u5fc5\u9808\u70ba\u5982\u4f55\u56de\u61c9\u4e16\u754c\u8ca0\u8cac\u3002<br>Sartre holds that even without a fixed essence, and even under the limits of situation, we remain responsible for how we respond to the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u610f\u5fd7\u6700\u6df1\u7684\u5c0d\u7acb\u9762\u4e5f\u8a31\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u4e00\u500b\u56fa\u5b9a\u8a5e\u3002<br>Therefore, the deepest opposite of will may not be one fixed term.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u96a8\u54f2\u5b78\u7cfb\u7d71\u800c\u6539\u8b8a\uff1a\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7406\u6027\u3001\u8868\u8c61\u3001\u865b\u7121\u3001\u58d3\u6291\u3001\u81ea\u6b3a\u3001\u7f6a\u3001\u5076\u50cf\uff0c\u6216\u88ab\u793e\u6703\u88fd\u9020\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u3002<br>It changes with the philosophical system: it may be reason, representation, nihilism, repression, bad faith, sin, idols, or socially manufactured desire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u800c\u6574\u689d\u5730\u4e0b\u6697\u6cb3\u6700\u5f8c\u903c\u51fa\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff1a<br>And the entire underground river finally forces this question:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6211\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u771f\u662f\u5584\uff1f<br>Is what I pursue truly good?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6211\u6240\u6e34\u671b\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u771f\u662f\u6211\u7684\uff1f<br>Is what I desire truly mine?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6211\u6240\u9078\u64c7\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u51fa\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\uff1f<br>Do my choices arise from freedom?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6211\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u5728\u7528\u7406\u6027\u3001\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3001\u547d\u904b\u3001\u793e\u6703\u89d2\u8272\u6216\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u63a9\u84cb\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u9858\u627f\u64d4\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u8207\u8cac\u4efb\uff1f<br>Am I using reason, virtue, fate, social roles, or faith to conceal desires and responsibilities I refuse to assume?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e0d\u540c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u8207\u4e0d\u540c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u7d66\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7b54\u6848\uff1b\u4f46\u5b83\u5011\u5171\u540c\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff1a\u4eba\u6210\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5f9e\u4f86\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u300c\u60f3\u505a\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u5c31\u505a\u4ec0\u9ebc\u300d\u3002<br>Different philosophers and faith traditions give different answers; yet they jointly show one thing: becoming oneself has never meant simply \u201cdo whatever you want.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u300c\u610f\u5fd7\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\u4e2d\u610f\u601d\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u8a5e\u3002\u201cWill\u201d is not a term with one fixed meaning throughout the history of philosophy. \u5b83\u6709\u6642\u6307\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u6307\u751f\u547d\u6df1\u8655\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u8207\u885d\u52d5\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u6307\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u5f8b\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u6307\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u9a45\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u6642\u6307\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5177\u9ad4\u8655\u5883\u4e2d\u627f\u64d4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u3002At times it means the conscious capacity to choose; at others, deep desire and impulse, moral self-legislation, unconscious drive, or the way a person assumes choices within a concrete situation. \u800c\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u300c\u5c0d\u7acb\u9762\u300d\u4e5f\u4e26\u4e0d\u56fa\u5b9a\u3002The \u201copposite\u201d of will is not fixed either. \u5728\u67cf\u62c9\u5716\u8207\u5eb7\u5fb7\u90a3\u88e1\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u662f\u7406\u6027\u3002For Plato and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_import_markdown_pro_load_document_selector":0,"_import_markdown_pro_submit_text_textarea":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-241","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bible365.club\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bible365.club\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bible365.club\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bible365.club\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bible365.club\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=241"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/bible365.club\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":243,"href":"https:\/\/bible365.club\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241\/revisions\/243"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bible365.club\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=241"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bible365.club\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=241"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bible365.club\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=241"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}